The impact of taxi reform on the online car rental market

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Analysis of the reform policy of the taxi industry
It Tsinghua University School of Public Management School MPA Class Tang Zhenyi

Overview: From the perspective of public policy analysis, first analyze my country’s taxi The status quo of the industry, the actual demands of the various interest groups, the conflict of interest, and then analyzing the problems and reasons from the government’s fault and market failure, and finally find out the solution and propose to the impact of the Internet and the car rental model. Proposal of reform plan.

. The current status of the reform of the taxi industry in my country
For a long time, the reform of the car rental industry in my country has attracted much attention, but it has progressed slowly. Citizens have high demand for travel, but the supply is seriously insufficient, and the monopoly of the taxi industry has been criticized. The emergence of the car rental model (special car, etc.) in the Internet background has formed a mechanism for the reform of the taxi industry, and the government faces policy choices.
The status quo 1: Citizen complains, drivers are dissatisfied, industry monopoly
Citizen:
1. Difficulty in driving. Citizens complain that they often fail to get cars, especially peaks from get off work, snow and rain, etc. Taxi are not required. Taxi usually takes 10-30 minutes. Traveling is very inconvenient. At present, a total of 110,000 taxis in Beijing cannot meet the peak travel needs.
2, the taxi is expensive. The “starting price” of Beijing taxis is 13 yuan, and the basic unit price of 3 kilometers is 2.3 yuan per kilometer. Coupled with road traffic congestion, compared with self -driving, the cost is more expensive. Some places often encounter drivers increase their prices.
3, poor service. Passengers often encounter drivers who are picking up and refusing to carry behaviors. On the one hand, passengers cannot hit the car, but there are many empty cars on the other side. Some have immoral behaviors such as bullying foreigners and detour.
Driver:
1, the money is high. The Beijing taxi driver must pay about 4,000 to 6,000 yuan to the company every month. In addition, it must bear oil money and car repair costs.
2. Low income. There are 109,000 taxis across the country and 2 million taxis drivers. The income of Beijing taxi drivers is lower than the average social salary. Drivers demand reduction of their money, increasing the starting price and each kilometer price.
3, black car grab business. In some places where public transportation is not developed, a large number of black cars emerge. The number of “black cars” in Beijing has reached 100,000, and some “black car” drivers even earn more than taxi drivers.
Taxi company:
1. Franchise operation is necessary. Franchise operation of taxis is to control the total amount and avoid traffic congestion and environmental problems.
2. The money should be paid. Taxi companies need to provide vehicles, insurance, etc., and pay the management cost. Many taxi companies are state -owned enterprises, accept state management, and bear more social responsibilities.
Government:
1. Taxi control cannot be released in the short term. Relevant traffic management departments have stated that according to the “Specifications for Urban Road Traffic Planning and Design” issued by the Ministry of Construction in 1995, urban taxi’s preservation cannot be increasing due to increased passenger demand. The total number of taxis in the international metropolis is 15,000, Tokyo is 12,000, and London is less than 10,000. Citizens are mainly public transportation. There are a total of 110,000 taxis in Beijing. Each taxi runs about 400 kilometers per day, and the air driving rate reaches 30%to 40%. Unlimited increasing the number of taxis will exacerbate urban congestion, increase pollution emissions, and damage public interests.
2. Promote the reform of the taxi industry. During the two sessions in 2015, Minister of Transport Yang Chuantang said in an interview with the media that the guidance of taxi reform may be issued in the first half of this year. The guidance will clarify the four principles, that is, the positioning of taxis is not public transport; taxis must be adopted by taxis; Overall management and control should not be too much or too little; taxi takes price control; both drivers and operators can get reasonable remuneration.
The status quo 2: The rise of car rental on the Internet, the contradiction between reform has become increasingly prominent
since 2014, Didi taxi, fast taxi and other taxi software have risen rapidly to achieve social traffic resource sharing and service collaboration, especially Alibaba, especially Alibaba, and in Large Internet companies such as Tencent and Baidu have used this to seize the mobile entrance, give passengers and drivers high subsidies, attract tens of millions of users in a short time, and have been recognized by taxi drivers and citizens.
While the rise of taxis software, various types of special cars, carpooling, and ride -hailing cars that surpassed the taxi operation system emerged. Ordinary private vehicles can connect passengers to obtain service costs and subsidies after certain procedures certification. It has obvious economic advantages to avoid all kinds of money and management fees. Although this type of service qualifications are not clear and management is not complete, it does efficiently mobilize social resources and alleviate the problem of expensive taxis and difficulty in taking taxis. To a certain extent, it adapts Market demand.
1. Dedicated car disputes
The emergence of Internet special cars touched the interests of the original taxi companies and drivers. Recently, taxis in Shenyang, Tianjin, Qingdao, Nanjing, Changchun, Jinan, Chengdu, Nanchang and other places have occurred in many places. Under the pressure, Shanghai, Nanjing, Shenyang, Dalian and other local transportation departments will identify the lack of passenger -qualified drivers who lack the qualifications of passenger operations as illegal operations and make administrative penalties. On June 18, 2015, the “first case” of the driver of the Didi special car in Jinan, Shandong was determined to be postponed for three months, and it has not yet been sentenced.
The main reason for taxi protests: First, the impact of income is huge. The impact of special cars, the income of Beijing taxi drivers was reduced by 30%on average. Second, the price of taxi licenses plummeted sharply. It turned out that the price of taxi licenses, which was soaring all the way, fell sharply. Tianjin also had a taxi license with 1.15 million yuan at the end of last year. Now it can only sell about 700,000 yuan. Some drivers have suffered huge losses. The third is to threaten the survival of a taxi company. The operating cost of special cars is relatively low. There is no need to pay the money. Many taxi drivers have switched to special car drivers. Taxi companies such as Shanghai and other places have appeared in a large number of taxis.
2. Volunteer taxi reform and Shanghai new policy
In fact, special cars are just the fuse of industry monopoly issues. On May 21, Wang level, deputy director of the Transport Services Department of the Ministry of Transport, responded at a special press conference: support Yiwu City to actively and steadily promote the reform of the taxi industry. Provide references and demonstrations for the reform of the taxi industry across the country.
Prunning taxi reform. In early May 2015, Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province issued the “Taxi Reform Operation Plan”, including: 1. Cancellation of paid use fees for operating rights. The operating right in 2015 decreased from 10,000 yuan per car to 5,000 yuan per car, and it has been canceled since 2016. 2. Gradually increase the number of taxis and the number of taxi companies. Through public registration and construction of 5 new taxi companies, 250 taxi indicators are added directly, and 200 vehicles are adjusted from 6 old taxi companies for new companies for use. 3. Encourage the integration and innovation of the mobile Internet with the taxi industry. However, the requirements for special vehicles must be legal operations, and private cars are strictly prohibited from entering operations.
The new car in Shanghai. On June 1, 2015, the “Shanghai Taxi Information Service Platform” was officially launched. The platform was jointly participated by the Municipal Transportation Commission, the four major taxi companies and the “Didi Taxi”. Vehicle operation status identification and improvement of vehicle operation safety. Through the mobile app, users will be able to use special car services, and Shanghai will become the first city to officially recognize the special car business. Relevant departments have recently reported to the Ministry of Communications for approval on the Ministry of Transport.

. Analysis of the reform policy of the taxi industry
From the above situation, in the face of the impact of the Internet car rental, the reform of the taxi industry has reached the point where it has to be changed. Government departments must conduct in -depth analysis, accurately positioning, clarify the goals, and formulate scientific, reasonable and feasible policies and measures.
(1) Problem analysis
The focus of the reform of the taxi industry lies in the government’s control of the taxi market, and how to face the new special car impact. From the perspective of public policy analysis, the taxi market also has the problem of market failure and government failure.
1. Market failure
The market mechanism can only allocate resources to the optimal state only under ideal state. Under traditional technical conditions, due to information asymmetry and negative externality, the car rental market cannot configure resources to the optimal state, and market failures will occur. This provides a basis for the government’s intervention control. If there is a lack of government control, there may be the following main problems:
1 is the problem of information asymmetry. The taxability of taxis is relatively strong. Under traditional technical conditions, passengers have unknown and risks in terms of information such as vehicle safety, driver qualification, service attitude, and other risks. The “black car” problem is mainly due to the asymmetry between the government, passengers, and drivers, and the government is inconvenient to supervise, which is likely to cause security incidents. At the same time, when the government guidance price is lacking, bargaining between drivers and passengers lacks efficiency.
It is negative external problems. Under the traditional technical conditions, the release of the taxi market is likely to form low -cost competition. Passengers with diverting subway and buses have increased the number of taxis, and more of road resources are occupied. Due to the number of single passengers of taxis, the number of people. The utilization rate of road resources will be reduced. At the same time, many taxis adopt a cruise model to grab the passenger mode, with a high air driving rate, and a large number of taxis will increase the pollution to the environment.
For the above two reasons, the taxi market that lacks the government -controlled taxi will have a market failure and harm public interests.
2. Government failure
In order to solve the problem of failure of the taxi market, countries generally adopt a market access permit system for control to control the number of taxis. However, in the actual operation process, the following main problems occur:
It is the insufficient supply of taxis. City citizens have obvious peak and valley stages. Due to the control of the government, during the commuting time, passengers often face the problem of difficulty in taxi, and the number of taxis is obviously unsatisfactory with passenger demand. Many passengers need to wait for a long time to reduce social operational efficiency.
The price cost is distorted. Franchful operations of taxis have caused monopolies in the taxi market. Taxi companies are often affiliated to state -owned enterprises or private enterprises with strong strength. Using their monopoly position, they have collected high “sources money”. Comparison. At the same time, the passengers are objectively affording a higher taxi fee.
three is the lack of market incentives. Due to the long -term monopoly position, government departments are priced, and the taxi industry competition is often not obvious. Taxi companies are most concerned about how to improve service quality, but how to protect their profits and monopoly positions. For the operation of the Internet conditions, it is conducive to improving the efficiency of overall transportation operation. Taxi companies often have a lag, and even have resistance to the special car that constitutes competition.
The above three aspects are the problems of government failure in the taxi market under the current market control. In fact, it also restricts the overall operating efficiency of society.
3. The method of solving the problem (Internet car rental model)
From the analysis of the above, under the circumstances of the technical conditions and management methods, the total amount of license system control can be used There are inevitability, and at the same time, there is also a problem of government failure.
With the popularity of Internet and the emergence of special cars, market conditions have changed. In theoretical and current practice, the Internet -based car rental (special car, etc.) model based on expanding market supply can better solve the problem of failure of the taxi market, while reducing the defects of government failure, and improving the overall increase will be possible Resource usage and overall operational efficiency. This is determined by the characteristics of the Internet about car rental:
I is the problem of information asymmetry effectively. Through smartphones, car rental software, the Internet, etc., passengers and drivers can understand the identity, status, evaluation, location, demand, etc. between passengers and drivers to provide relatively fair and objective information for market transaction behavior. In terms of conditions, passengers can make consumer choices and get security. Government departments can use unified monitoring platforms and other methods to obtain relevant information in real time and carry out market supervision.
It is to significantly improve the utilization rate of social resource. The Internet car renting about car rental, which greatly mobilizes social vehicles that meet the qualifications to undertake transportation tasks. Through large -scale increased static waiting vehicles, ride -winding vehicles, etc., increase service supply, reduce passenger travel time and vehicle air driving rate, and increase the number of single vehicles. Improve the overall operating efficiency of society and resource use efficiency.
three is to reasonably determine the price of transportation services. While increasing the supply, the Internet car rental is conducive to breaking the monopoly of the original taxi industry, reducing unreasonable “portion money” and monopoly profits, reducing passenger travel costs, and forming a reasonable transportation service price under market mechanism.
The four is to promote orderly market competition. By opening up the car rental market on the Internet, companies that are allowed to enter the market with public conditions are allowed to compete freely, which is conducive to operators to survive the fittest, improve the level of transportation services, and enable consumers to enjoy more benefits.
4, negative effects and resistance analysis
The development of Internet car rental model may face the following key issues, to be studied and demonstrated in -depth research and demonstration:
(1) Whether traffic congestion and environmental problems significantly increase Essence Many experts have proposed that the road resources occupation and emissions of one taxi are equivalent to 10 ordinary cars. Frequent Internet rental car rental will increase traffic congestion and environmental problems. In fact, this is a more complicated issue. Social vehicles participate in transportation services, break the monopoly and reduce prices, it will indeed increase consumption. However, it is not possible to simply say that the increase in vehicles involved in operation and increased consumption will lead to congestion.
It should be seen that the Internet car rental will significantly increase the utilization rate of road traffic. First, there are a large number of social vehicles participating in the Internet car rental. At present, many are not full -time drivers, but business hours are driving smooth rides or even carpooling. Many usually do not run on the road, just treat guests at home, units or fixed places, provide transportation services at a specific time, and achieve benefits. The full -time and parade mode has improved vehicle transportation efficiency. Market competition and reduction of operating costs have brought about changes in operations; second, the travel efficiency of full -time drivers will be improved. Through the software service platform, the air driving rate can be reduced. Under the pressure of increasing point -to -point service and decline in price, drivers will consciously reduce operating costs, reduce cruise and grab customers, enhance intelligent receiving orders, and reduce road occupancy rates. The demand for travel has a certain rigidity ratio. With the popularity of household cars today, even if citizens do not take a taxi, they may choose to drive. When the total market demand will not increase the amount of supply automatically due to the decrease in price and more convenient ride, the market will automatically adjust the supply. Compared with the huge self -driving base, restricting taxi and operating cars is obviously not the key to solving the problem of congestion, but the problem of uniform management of the entire transportation of private cars. Fourth, the Internet car rental has obvious overall income. The Internet car rental will divert the pressure of the entire transportation, which realizes the positive income of the entire society. It is not just the income of road transportation. It does not conflict with encouraging public transportation such as subway and bus. Essence In summary, in the case of a large number of private cars and causing road congestion during peak periods, Internet car rental will improve transportation efficiency and will not significantly increase traffic congestion. Road traffic itself is for travel. It cannot be inverted and opposed to high -efficiency transportation methods. On the other hand, the Internet should also be encouraged to rent car rental to reduce private cars.
For the environmental problems brought by the vehicle, we believe that in the case of the total amount of the total amount of various vehicles itself, the decrease in the vacuum load rate of the vehicle and the improvement of bicycle transportation efficiency, the impact of this model on the environment is not obvious. Instead of it, instead of it Positive effects can be ignored compared to. The problem of car tail gas is mainly affected by the increase in total automobiles, emission standards, traffic control, and other transportation. With the promotion of electric vehicles and the improvement of tail gas control technology, the impact of the negative externality of the vehicle’s environment will become smaller and smaller and smaller and smaller and smaller. , It should not be the constraints of the popularity of Internet rental car rental.
(2) Regarding whether the quantity control can be completely liberalized. Whether the number of quantitative control will exacerbate traffic congestion and environmental pollution has been analyzed. In fact, only by fully liberalizing quantitative control and a large number of social vehicles participation can the market mechanism really play a role. When the market operating price is reduced, drivers will consciously reduce operating costs, reduce the purposeless patrols, and reduce road occupancy rates. At this time, operating vehicles with low road and vehicle resource utilization rate will be eliminated from the market. Therefore, considering the actual situation of the original license prices, steps should be divided into steps and gradually liberalized quantitative control, and finally realizing market self -regulation.
(3) Regarding whether price control is required. Government pricing is conducive to reducing transaction disputes, but it is not conducive to differentiated services and market competition such as different models and companies. After liberalization of quantitative control, in order to reduce disputes and at the same time, it is conducive to differentiated services. The government can simply classify, implement the highest pricing guidance, and operate the company’s independent pricing at the highest guidance price. At the same time, the procedures for price adjustment should be clarified and the filing system should be implemented. In order to prevent drivers from raising their prices independently, the price should be disclosed at any time on vehicles and Internet software to facilitate passengers to know and make choices in real time.
(4) Conflict on the existing interest pattern. The first is the conflict of taxi companies. Once the Internet car rental market is liberalized, it will directly threaten the monopoly interests of taxi companies. Even if a taxi company transforms and hugs the Internet, it is difficult to reach the original profit level. The second is the impact on taxi drivers. The current taxi driver’s income is facing a special car impact in the short term, affecting some drivers to transfer to special cars. After the market is liberalized, its income level will be formed according to the labor market price. Due to the existence of the Internet evaluation mechanism, the survival of the fittest and income difference will be achieved. The third is the impact on government power. It turned out that the license approval power of the transportation management department’s license for taxi was gradually lost, which brought more pressure on industry supervision, and government departments may have inertia in reform. Fourth, the discomfort for some passengers. Internet car rental has certain technical requirements for passengers, which is not good for passengers who do not have relevant skills and conditions. The original recruitment system is still effective, and the market will self -adapt according to demand. The government can also consider setting up public car recruitment facilities at specific distribution points such as buses.
The on the basis of increasing the market supply, compared with the traditional taxi franchise model, it can better overcome the failure of the taxi market and the government’s failure to meet the needs of public travel. In the case of negative externality and inconspicuous, it can achieve the market -oriented allocation and effective use of social resources, and increase overall social benefits. At the same time, in the face of the conflict of existing interests, it is necessary to introduce scientific and reasonable policies and measures, gradually liberalize the car rental market, guide the transformation of the existing taxi market, and minimize the contradictions and resistance in the reform process as much as possible.
. The solution to the problem
(1) Policy goals
In the target elements such as efficiency, fairness, safety, freedom, etc. Policy goals are as follows:

policy goals

Internet car rental mode

Trans of taxi license special operation mode
n1 , Efficiency

The car rental through the Internet to fully mobilize social vehicles to participate in operations to ensure daily and peak travel needs; promote information sharing and interaction Carpooling improves passenger capacity, improves road transportation efficiency, and meets passenger travel needs to the greatest extent.

It guarantee the basic road travel needs of citizens, encourage citizens to take public transportation such as subway and bus during peak hours to reduce road traffic congestion; conduct appropriate competition within a franchise company to improve operating efficiency.

2, fair

Overe the market, companies and individuals that meet the qualification requirements can participate in market operations, realize equal competition, and their income is affected by service quality; Patients have supporting software.

is a relatively monopoly. Only companies that have obtained taxi licenses have the right to operate. Management; low information technology requirements for passengers.

3, safety

passengers, vehicles, drivers information in real -time sharing and interaction, open and transparent information, reduce uncertainty, the government can access the car rental platform in real time to ensure passengers Safety; reduce the impact of operating vehicles on the environment as much as possible.

The management system through franchise management rights and transportation departments to ensure vehicle safety and driver driving level, and to provide protection for taxi companies; under the control of quantity control Total amount.

4, freedom

The citizens have greater freedom in the choice of car rental services through real -time information; they can choose to continue to use traditional recruitment taxi mode.

The citizens mainly adopt a recruitment taxi mode and can also use telephone appointment and other models, but it is difficult to choose vehicles and drivers in advance.

(2) Policy plan
1, overall principles.
-respect for demand. Persist in observing market demand to solve the difficulties of the masses and meet the transportation needs of different groups.
-Encourage innovation. Grasp the development trend of the times, encourage the integration and innovation of the mobile Internet and the transportation industry to improve the efficiency and service level of transportation services.
-market operation. Adhere to the general direction of market -oriented reform, gradually establish a fair and competitive market environment, and optimize the basic role of markets in the allocation of transportation resources.
-Standardized management. Reduce administrative approval, strengthen service supervision, and innovate the supervision methods and regulatory systems of transportation services under the conditions of the Internet to ensure market security.
-positive and secure. Coordinate the current and long -term to avoid intensify contradictions. Try first, classify guidance, guide the industry transformation through market guidance, gradually transition, and realize reform expectations in stages.
2, key measures
(1) Cancellation of paid use fees for operating rights. The system collected by the government’s paid use fee for taxi management is changed to register or record in accordance with procedures.
(2) Gradually let go of quantity control. Clarify the time node, let go of the number of operating companies in stages, control the number of operating vehicles, and implement market -oriented regulation. Private cars allow private cars to enter the operating vehicle market through self -driving and leasing to clarify their tax and charges. For specific operating vehicles, it is gradually incorporated into the scope of traffic control with private cars.
(3) Implement government guidance prices. Cancel the government pricing mechanism and classify and implement the government’s highest price guidance. The business entity is pricing independently according to regulations, reflecting the difference in service. Forced price publicity, public, and implementation of price change filing system.
(4) Strengthen qualification certification. Strengthen vehicle operating qualification certification, vehicle safety inspection and other systems, strengthen the operating driver qualification certification system, etc., and provide guarantee for the entry of different vehicle entities to enter the operating market. Improve the environmental protection access standard for operating vehicles.
(5) Strengthen market monitoring. Establish a unified data sharing and operation monitoring platform, formulate data interface standards, and monitor market security in real time. Improve the security and confidential system of passenger information.
(6) Improve guarantee measures. The operation and management measures for rent -up (special vehicle, etc.) are formulated, and the supporting regulations such as relevant insurance, taxes, and charges are clarified. Support the transformation of existing taxi companies to the Internet. Increase public car rental facilities to facilitate citizens to travel.
3, implementation steps
(1) Clear direction. Leited by the industry authorities and participating in the demonstration in various aspects, put forward the reform plan, report to the relevant reform department for approval, through the central level to better coordinate different aspects of interest relationships, increase reform efforts, give the society clear reform expectations, and leave the industry to leave the industry. Transformation preparation time.
(2) Try first. Categorize the reform of the taxi industry in different regions and cities to support the Internet rental model. During the pilot process, summarize the discovery of problems, introduce measures, and improve the system.
(3) Full roller. Based on the first trial experience, further modify the reform plan of the taxi industry, introduce excessive measures, implement classification guidance in different cities and regional categories, and announce the reform plan as soon as possible and implement them across the country.